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Hartwig Roman Siebner, Klaus Funke, Aman S. Aberra, Andrea Antal, Sven Bestmann, Robert E. Chen, Joseph Claßen, Marco Davare, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro, Peter T. Fox and 16 more
Transcranial (electro)magnetic stimulation (TMS) is currently the method of choice to non-invasively induce neural activity in the human brain. A single transcranial stimulus induces a time-varying electric field in the brain that may evoke action potentials in cortical neurons. The spatial relationship between the locally induced electric field and the stimulated neurons determines axonal depolarization. The induced electric field is influenced by the conductive properties of the tissue compartments and is strongest in the superficial parts of the targeted cortical gyri and underlying white matter. TMS likely targets axons of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The propensity of individual axons to fire an action potential in response to TMS depends on their geometry, myelination and spatial relation to the imposed electric field and the physiological state of the neuron. The latter is determined by its transsynaptic dendritic and somatic inputs, intrinsic membrane potential and firing rate. Modeling work suggests that the primary target of TMS is axonal terminals in the crown top and lip regions of cortical gyri. The induced electric field may additionally excite bends of myelinated axons in the juxtacortical white matter below the gyral crown. Neuronal excitation spreads ortho- and antidromically along the stimulated axons and causes secondary excitation of connected neuronal populations within local intracortical microcircuits in the target area. Axonal and transsynaptic spread of excitation also occurs along cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical connections, impacting on neuronal activity in the targeted network. Both local and remote neural excitation depend critically on the functional state of the stimulated target area and network. TMS also causes substantial direct co-stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. Peripheral co-excitation propagates centrally in auditory and somatosensory networks, but also produces brain responses in other networks subserving multisensory integration, orienting or arousal. The complexity of the response to TMS warrants cautious interpretation of its physiological and behavioural consequences, and a deeper understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of TMS will be critical for advancing it as a scientific and therapeutic tool.
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Siebner, H. R., Funke, K., Aberra, A. S., Antal, A., Bestmann, S., Chen, R. E., Claßen, J., Davare, M., Lazzaro, V. D., Fox, P. T., Hallett, M., Karabanov, A. N., Kesselheim, J., Beck, M. M., Koch, G., Liebetanz, D., Meunier, S., Miniussi, C., Paulus, W., … Ugawa, Y. (2022). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? – A consensus and critical position paper. Clinical Neurophysiology, 140, 59–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022
Siebner, Hartwig Roman, et al. "Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? – A consensus and critical position paper." Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 140, 2022, pp. 59–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022.
Siebner, Hartwig Roman, Klaus Funke, Aman S. Aberra, Andrea Antal, Sven Bestmann, Robert E. Chen, Joseph Claßen, et al. "Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? – A consensus and critical position paper." Clinical Neurophysiology 140 (2022): 59–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022.
Siebner H. R., Funke K., Aberra A. S. [и др.] Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? – A consensus and critical position paper // Clinical Neurophysiology. — 2022. — Vol. 140. — P. 59–97. — URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022
@article{siebner2022transcranial,
title = {{Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? – A consensus and critical position paper}},
author = {Hartwig Roman Siebner and Klaus Funke and Aman S. Aberra and Andrea Antal and Sven Bestmann and Robert E. Chen and Joseph Claßen and Marco Davare and Vincenzo Di Lazzaro and Peter T. Fox and Mark Hallett and Anke Ninija Karabanov and Janine Kesselheim and Mikkel Malling Beck and Giacomo Koch and David Liebetanz and Sabine Meunier and Carlo Miniussi and Walter Paulus and Angel V. Peterchev and Traian Popa and Michael C. Ridding and Axel Thielscher and Ulf Ziemann and John C. Rothwell and Yoshikazu Ugawa},
journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology},
year = {2022},
volume = {140},
pages = {59--97},
doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022}
}TY - JOUR AU - Siebner, Hartwig Roman AU - Funke, Klaus AU - Aberra, Aman S. AU - Antal, Andrea AU - Bestmann, Sven AU - Chen, Robert E. AU - Claßen, Joseph AU - Davare, Marco AU - Lazzaro, Vincenzo Di AU - Fox, Peter T. AU - Hallett, Mark AU - Karabanov, Anke Ninija AU - Kesselheim, Janine AU - Beck, Mikkel Malling AU - Koch, Giacomo AU - Liebetanz, David AU - Meunier, Sabine AU - Miniussi, Carlo AU - Paulus, Walter AU - Peterchev, Angel V. AU - Popa, Traian AU - Ridding, Michael C. AU - Thielscher, Axel AU - Ziemann, Ulf AU - Rothwell, John C. AU - Ugawa, Yoshikazu TI - Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? – A consensus and critical position paper JO - Clinical Neurophysiology VL - 140 SP - 59 EP - 97 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/05/18 DO - 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022 ER -
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