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Damian Francesco Santomauro, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Jamileh Shadid, Peng Zheng, Charlie Ashbaugh, David M. Pigott, Cristiana Abbafati, Christopher Adolph, Joanne O Amlag, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin and 57 more
BACKGROUND: Before 2020, mental disorders were leading causes of the global health-related burden, with depressive and anxiety disorders being leading contributors to this burden. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has created an environment where many determinants of poor mental health are exacerbated. The need for up-to-date information on the mental health impacts of COVID-19 in a way that informs health system responses is imperative. In this study, we aimed to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence and burden of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders globally in 2020. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of data reporting the prevalence of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and published between Jan 1, 2020, and Jan 29, 2021. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, preprint servers, grey literature sources, and consulted experts. Eligible studies reported prevalence of depressive or anxiety disorders that were representative of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic and had a pre-pandemic baseline. We used the assembled data in a meta-regression to estimate change in the prevalence of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders between pre-pandemic and mid-pandemic (using periods as defined by each study) via COVID-19 impact indicators (human mobility, daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rate, and daily excess mortality rate). We then used this model to estimate the change from pre-pandemic prevalence (estimated using Disease Modelling Meta-Regression version 2.1 [known as DisMod-MR 2.1]) by age, sex, and location. We used final prevalence estimates and disability weights to estimate years lived with disability and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. FINDINGS: We identified 5683 unique data sources, of which 48 met inclusion criteria (46 studies met criteria for major depressive disorder and 27 for anxiety disorders). Two COVID-19 impact indicators, specifically daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and reductions in human mobility, were associated with increased prevalence of major depressive disorder (regression coefficient [B] 0·9 [95% uncertainty interval 0·1 to 1·8; p=0·029] for human mobility, 18·1 [7·9 to 28·3; p=0·0005] for daily SARS-CoV-2 infection) and anxiety disorders (0·9 [0·1 to 1·7; p=0·022] and 13·8 [10·7 to 17·0; p<0·0001]. Females were affected more by the pandemic than males (B 0·1 [0·1 to 0·2; p=0·0001] for major depressive disorder, 0·1 [0·1 to 0·2; p=0·0001] for anxiety disorders) and younger age groups were more affected than older age groups (-0·007 [-0·009 to -0·006; p=0·0001] for major depressive disorder, -0·003 [-0·005 to -0·002; p=0·0001] for anxiety disorders). We estimated that the locations hit hardest by the pandemic in 2020, as measured with decreased human mobility and daily SARS-CoV-2 infection rate, had the greatest increases in prevalence of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. We estimated an additional 53·2 million (44·8 to 62·9) cases of major depressive disorder globally (an increase of 27·6% [25·1 to 30·3]) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, such that the total prevalence was 3152·9 cases (2722·5 to 3654·5) per 100 000 population. We also estimated an additional 76·2 million (64·3 to 90·6) cases of anxiety disorders globally (an increase of 25·6% [23·2 to 28·0]), such that the total prevalence was 4802·4 cases (4108·2 to 5588·6) per 100 000 population. Altogether, major depressive disorder caused 49·4 million (33·6 to 68·7) DALYs and anxiety disorders caused 44·5 million (30·2 to 62·5) DALYs globally in 2020. INTERPRETATION: This pandemic has created an increased urgency to strengthen mental health systems in most countries. Mitigation strategies could incorporate ways to promote mental wellbeing and target determinants of poor mental health and interventions to treat those with a mental disorder. Taking no action to address the burden of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders should not be an option. FUNDING: Queensland Health, National Health and Medical Research Council, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Santomauro, D. F., Herrera, A. M. M., Shadid, J., Zheng, P., Ashbaugh, C., Pigott, D. M., Abbafati, C., Adolph, C., Amlag, J. O., Aravkin, A. Y., Bang-Jensen, B., Bertolacci, G. J., Bloom, S., Castellano, R., Castro, E., Chakrabarti, S., Chattopadhyay, J., Cogen, R. M., Collins, J. K., … Ferrari, A. J. (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 398(10312), 1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7
Santomauro, Damian Francesco, et al. "Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic." The Lancet, vol. 398, no. 10312, 2021, pp. 1700–1712, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7.
Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Jamileh Shadid, Peng Zheng, Charlie Ashbaugh, David M. Pigott, Cristiana Abbafati, et al. "Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic." The Lancet 398, no. 10312 (2021): 1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7.
Santomauro D. F., Herrera A. M. M., Shadid J. [и др.] Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic // The Lancet. — 2021. — Vol. 398, № 10312. — P. 1700–1712. — URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7
@article{santomauro2021global,
title = {{Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic}},
author = {Damian Francesco Santomauro and Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera and Jamileh Shadid and Peng Zheng and Charlie Ashbaugh and David M. Pigott and Cristiana Abbafati and Christopher Adolph and Joanne O Amlag and Aleksandr Y. Aravkin and Bree Bang-Jensen and Gregory J Bertolacci and Sabina Bloom and Rachel Castellano and Emma Castro and Suman Chakrabarti and Jhilik Chattopadhyay and Rebecca M Cogen and James K. Collins and Xiaochen Dai and William James Dangel and Carolyn Dapper and Amanda Deen and Megan Erickson and Samuel B Ewald and Abraham D. Flaxman and Joseph Jon Frostad and Nancy Fullman and John Robilliard Giles and Ababi Zergaw Giref and Gaorui Guo and Jiawei He and Monika Helak and Erin N. Hulland and Bulat T. Idrisov and Akiaja Lindstrom and Emily Linebarger and Paulo A. Lotufo and Rafael Lozano and Beatrice Magistro and Déborah Carvalho Malta and Johan Månsson and Fatima Marinho and Ali H. Mokdad and Lorenzo Monasta and Paulami Naik and Shuhei Nomura and James Kevin O'Halloran and Samuel M Ostroff and Maja Pasovic and Louise Penberthy and Robert C. Reiner and Grace E Reinke and Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro and Aleksei Sholokhov and Reed J D Sorensen and Elena A. Varavikova and Anh Truc Vo and Rebecca L. Walcott and Stefanie Watson and Charles Shey Wiysonge and Bethany Zigler and Simon Iain Hay and Theo Vos and Christopher Murray and Harvey Whiteford and Alize J Ferrari},
journal = {The Lancet},
year = {2021},
volume = {398},
number = {10312},
pages = {1700--1712},
doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7}
}TY - JOUR AU - Santomauro, Damian Francesco AU - Herrera, Ana Maria Mantilla AU - Shadid, Jamileh AU - Zheng, Peng AU - Ashbaugh, Charlie AU - Pigott, David M. AU - Abbafati, Cristiana AU - Adolph, Christopher AU - Amlag, Joanne O AU - Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. AU - Bang-Jensen, Bree AU - Bertolacci, Gregory J AU - Bloom, Sabina AU - Castellano, Rachel AU - Castro, Emma AU - Chakrabarti, Suman AU - Chattopadhyay, Jhilik AU - Cogen, Rebecca M AU - Collins, James K. AU - Dai, Xiaochen AU - Dangel, William James AU - Dapper, Carolyn AU - Deen, Amanda AU - Erickson, Megan AU - Ewald, Samuel B AU - Flaxman, Abraham D. AU - Frostad, Joseph Jon AU - Fullman, Nancy AU - Giles, John Robilliard AU - Giref, Ababi Zergaw AU - Guo, Gaorui AU - He, Jiawei AU - Helak, Monika AU - Hulland, Erin N. AU - Idrisov, Bulat T. AU - Lindstrom, Akiaja AU - Linebarger, Emily AU - Lotufo, Paulo A. AU - Lozano, Rafael AU - Magistro, Beatrice AU - Malta, Déborah Carvalho AU - Månsson, Johan AU - Marinho, Fatima AU - Mokdad, Ali H. AU - Monasta, Lorenzo AU - Naik, Paulami AU - Nomura, Shuhei AU - O'Halloran, James Kevin AU - Ostroff, Samuel M AU - Pasovic, Maja AU - Penberthy, Louise AU - Reiner, Robert C. AU - Reinke, Grace E AU - Ribeiro, Antônio Luiz Pinho AU - Sholokhov, Aleksei AU - Sorensen, Reed J D AU - Varavikova, Elena A. AU - Vo, Anh Truc AU - Walcott, Rebecca L. AU - Watson, Stefanie AU - Wiysonge, Charles Shey AU - Zigler, Bethany AU - Hay, Simon Iain AU - Vos, Theo AU - Murray, Christopher AU - Whiteford, Harvey AU - Ferrari, Alize J TI - Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic JO - The Lancet VL - 398 IS - 10312 SP - 1700 EP - 1712 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/10/09 DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02143-7 ER -
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