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Eduardo Bernabé, Wagner Segura Marcenes, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Saira Afzal, Fadwa Alhalaiqa, Sadeq Ali Al‐Maweri, Ubai Alsharif, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Amit Arora and 107 more
BACKGROUND: The WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan has set an overarching global target of achieving a 10% reduction in the prevalence of oral conditions by 2030. Robust and up-to-date information on the global burden of oral conditions is paramount to monitor progress towards this target. The aim of this systematic data analysis was to produce global, WHO region, and country-level estimates of the prevalence of, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to, untreated caries, severe periodontitis, edentulism, other oral disorders, lip and oral cavity cancer, and orofacial clefts from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: This report is based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. Input data were extracted from epidemiological surveys, population-based registries, and vital statistics. Data were modelled with DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, to ensure consistency between prevalence, incidence, remission, and mortality estimates for oral conditions. DALYs were estimated as the aggregation of the years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLDs were calculated by multiplying prevalence estimates, the severity of the oral condition's sequelae (disability weight) and duration of the sequelae. Although all oral conditions lead to YLDs, only lip and oral cavity cancer and orofacial clefts lead to YLLs as well. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric with the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. FINDINGS: The combined global age-standardised prevalence of the main oral conditions (untreated caries, severe periodontitis, edentulism, and other oral disorders) was 45 900 (95% UI 42 300 to 49 800) per 100 000 population in 2021, with 3·69 billion (3·40 to 4·00) people affected globally. Untreated dental caries of permanent teeth and severe periodontitis were the most common oral conditions, with a global age-standardised prevalence of 27 500 (24 000 to 32 000) per 100 000 population and 12 500 (10 500 to 14 500) per 100 000 population, respectively. Edentulism, severe periodontitis, and lip and oral cavity cancer caused the highest burden as demonstrated by their counts of DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates. Existing trends for 1990-2021 reveal relatively small changes (upward or downward) in prevalence and burden. Increasing counts of prevalent cases and DALYs were noted for all oral conditions but untreated caries of deciduous teeth (no percentage change in prevalence or DALYs) and orofacial clefts (-68·3% [-79·3 to -46·5] decrease in DALYs). There were decreases in both age-standardised prevalence and DALY rate for untreated caries of permanent teeth and edentulism, no change in both for untreated caries of deciduous teeth and severe periodontitis, an increase in the prevalence but no change in the DALY rate for lip and oral cavity cancer, and no change in the prevalence but a decrease in the DALY rate for orofacial clefts. By WHO region, the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions showed the largest increases in prevalent cases and DALYs for most oral conditions, while the European region showed the smallest increases or no change. The European region was the only region with decreasing age-standardised prevalence of untreated caries in both deciduous (-9·88%; -12·6 to -6·71) and permanent teeth (-5·94% (-8·38 to -3·62). The prevalence and DALY rate of severe periodontitis decreased in the African region, while the prevalence and DALY rate of edentulism decreased in the African region, South-East Asia region, and Western Pacific region. Furthermore, DALY rates of lip and oral cavity cancer decreased in the European region and the region of the Americas, while DALY rates of orofacial clefts decreased in all regions. INTERPRETATION: The minor changes in the burden of oral conditions over the past 30 years demonstrate that past and current efforts to control oral conditions have not been successful and that different approaches are needed. Many countries now face the double challenge of controlling the occurrence of new cases of oral conditions and addressing the huge unmet need for oral health care. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Bernabé, E., Marcenes, W. S., Abdulkader, R. S., Abreu, L. G., Afzal, S., Alhalaiqa, F., Al‐Maweri, S. A., Alsharif, U., Anyasodor, A. E., Arora, A., Asgary, S., Ashraf, T., Balasubramanian, M., Banakar, M., Barrow, A., Bashiri, A., Belay, S. A., Belgaumi, U. I., Berhie, A. Y., … Kassebaum, N. J. (2025). Trends in the global, regional, and national burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10482), 897–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02811-3
Bernabé, Eduardo, et al. "Trends in the global, regional, and national burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021." The Lancet, vol. 405, no. 10482, 2025, pp. 897–910, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02811-3.
Bernabé, Eduardo, Wagner Segura Marcenes, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Saira Afzal, Fadwa Alhalaiqa, Sadeq Ali Al‐Maweri, et al. "Trends in the global, regional, and national burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021." The Lancet 405, no. 10482 (2025): 897–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02811-3.
Bernabé E., Marcenes W. S., Abdulkader R. S. [и др.] Trends in the global, regional, and national burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 // The Lancet. — 2025. — Vol. 405, № 10482. — P. 897–910. — URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02811-3
@article{bernabe2025trends,
title = {{Trends in the global, regional, and national burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021}},
author = {Eduardo Bernabé and Wagner Segura Marcenes and Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader and Lucas Guimarães Abreu and Saira Afzal and Fadwa Alhalaiqa and Sadeq Ali Al‐Maweri and Ubai Alsharif and Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor and Amit Arora and Saeed Asgary and Tahira Ashraf and Madhan Balasubramanian and Morteza Banakar and Amadou Barrow and Azadeh Bashiri and Sefealem Assefa Belay and Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi and Alemshet Yirga Berhie and Pankaj Bhardwaj and Sonu M. M. Bhaskar and Ali Bijani and Souad Bouaoud and Yin Cao and Akhilanand Chaurasia and Mengxuan Chen and Dinh‐Toi Chu and Natália Alves Martins and Omid Dadras and Xiaochen Dai and Daniel Díaz and Mi Du and Michael Ekholuenetale and Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo and Maha El Tantawi and Muhammed Elhadi and Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe and Nima Farshidfar and Ali Fatehizadeh and Florian Fischer and Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan and Piyada Gaewkhiew and Márió Gajdács and Mahaveer Golechha and Bhawna Gupta and Sapna Gupta and Hailey Hagins and Esam Saleh Halboub and Samer Hamidi and Ninuk Hariyani and Simon Iain Hay and Mohammad Heidari and Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna and Demisu Zenbaba Heyi and Sorin Hostiuc and Kyle Matthew Humphrey and Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye and Milena Ilić and Gaetano Isola and Eswar Kandaswamy and Rami S. Kantar and Navjot Kaur and Laura Kemmer and Yousef Saleh Khader and Sorour Khateri and Adnan Kısa and Kewal Krishan and Estie Kruger and Ratilal Lalloo and An Li and Stephen S Lim and Tomislav Meštrović and Ali H. Mokdad and Rafael Silveira Moreira and Shane Douglas Morrison and Christopher J L Murray and Zuhair Saleh Natto and Biswa Prakash Nayak and Trang Nguyen and Văn Thành Nguyễn and Abiodun Olusola Omotayo and Alicia Padrón‐Monedero and Jay V. Patel and Shankargouda Patil and Shrikant Pawar and Ionela-Roxana Petcu and Ibrahim Qattea and Mosiur Rahman and Zubair Ahmed Ratan and Abanoub Riad and S.N. Manjula and S N Chandan and Siamak Sabour and Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari and Amirhossein Sahebkar and Joseph W. Sakshaug and Abdallah M Samy and Sachin Chakradhar Sarode and Monika S. Sawhney and Falk Schwendicke and Masood Ali Shaikh and Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla and Riki Tesler and Arulmani Thiyagarajan and Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone and Muhammad Umair and Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan and Sahel Valadan Tahbaz and Siddhartha Alluri Varma and Ana Vuković and Cong Wang and Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe and Lalit Yadav and Arzu Yiğit and Iman Zare and Zhi‐Jiang Zhang and Nicholas J Kassebaum},
journal = {The Lancet},
year = {2025},
volume = {405},
number = {10482},
pages = {897--910},
doi = {10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02811-3},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02811-3}
}TY - JOUR AU - Bernabé, Eduardo AU - Marcenes, Wagner Segura AU - Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi AU - Abreu, Lucas Guimarães AU - Afzal, Saira AU - Alhalaiqa, Fadwa AU - Al‐Maweri, Sadeq Ali AU - Alsharif, Ubai AU - Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward AU - Arora, Amit AU - Asgary, Saeed AU - Ashraf, Tahira AU - Balasubramanian, Madhan AU - Banakar, Morteza AU - Barrow, Amadou AU - Bashiri, Azadeh AU - Belay, Sefealem Assefa AU - Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal AU - Berhie, Alemshet Yirga AU - Bhardwaj, Pankaj AU - Bhaskar, Sonu M. M. AU - Bijani, Ali AU - Bouaoud, Souad AU - Cao, Yin AU - Chaurasia, Akhilanand AU - Chen, Mengxuan AU - Chu, Dinh‐Toi AU - Martins, Natália Alves AU - Dadras, Omid AU - Dai, Xiaochen AU - Díaz, Daniel AU - Du, Mi AU - Ekholuenetale, Michael AU - Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus AU - Tantawi, Maha El AU - Elhadi, Muhammed AU - Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis AU - Farshidfar, Nima AU - Fatehizadeh, Ali AU - Fischer, Florian AU - Foláyan, Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn AU - Gaewkhiew, Piyada AU - Gajdács, Márió AU - Golechha, Mahaveer AU - Gupta, Bhawna AU - Gupta, Sapna AU - Hagins, Hailey AU - Halboub, Esam Saleh AU - Hamidi, Samer AU - Hariyani, Ninuk AU - Hay, Simon Iain AU - Heidari, Mohammad AU - Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana AU - Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba AU - Hostiuc, Sorin AU - Humphrey, Kyle Matthew AU - Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel AU - Ilić, Milena AU - Isola, Gaetano AU - Kandaswamy, Eswar AU - Kantar, Rami S. AU - Kaur, Navjot AU - Kemmer, Laura AU - Khader, Yousef Saleh AU - Khateri, Sorour AU - Kısa, Adnan AU - Krishan, Kewal AU - Kruger, Estie AU - Lalloo, Ratilal AU - Li, An AU - Lim, Stephen S AU - Meštrović, Tomislav AU - Mokdad, Ali H. AU - Moreira, Rafael Silveira AU - Morrison, Shane Douglas AU - Murray, Christopher J L AU - Natto, Zuhair Saleh AU - Nayak, Biswa Prakash AU - Nguyen, Trang AU - Nguyễn, Văn Thành AU - Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola AU - Padrón‐Monedero, Alicia AU - Patel, Jay V. AU - Patil, Shankargouda AU - Pawar, Shrikant AU - Petcu, Ionela-Roxana AU - Qattea, Ibrahim AU - Rahman, Mosiur AU - Ratan, Zubair Ahmed AU - Riad, Abanoub AU - Manjula, S.N. AU - Chandan, S N AU - Sabour, Siamak AU - Sharif‐Askari, Fatemeh Saheb AU - Sahebkar, Amirhossein AU - Sakshaug, Joseph W. AU - Samy, Abdallah M AU - Sarode, Sachin Chakradhar AU - Sawhney, Monika S. AU - Schwendicke, Falk AU - Shaikh, Masood Ali AU - Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar AU - Tesler, Riki AU - Thiyagarajan, Arulmani AU - Tovani‐Palone, Marcos Roberto AU - Umair, Muhammad AU - Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran AU - Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan AU - Varma, Siddhartha Alluri AU - Vuković, Ana AU - Wang, Cong AU - Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana AU - Yadav, Lalit AU - Yiğit, Arzu AU - Zare, Iman AU - Zhang, Zhi‐Jiang AU - Kassebaum, Nicholas J TI - Trends in the global, regional, and national burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 JO - The Lancet VL - 405 IS - 10482 SP - 897 EP - 910 PY - 2025 DA - 2025/02/27 DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02811-3 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02811-3 ER -
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