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Erle C. Ellis, Nicolas Gauthier, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Rebecca Bliege Bird, Nicole L. Boivin, Sandra M. Díaz, Dorian Q. Fuller, Jacquelyn L. Gill, Jed Oliver Kaplan, Naomi Kingston and 8 more
Archaeological and paleoecological evidence shows that by 10,000 BCE, all human societies employed varying degrees of ecologically transformative land use practices, including burning, hunting, species propagation, domestication, cultivation, and others that have left long-term legacies across the terrestrial biosphere. Yet, a lingering paradigm among natural scientists, conservationists, and policymakers is that human transformation of terrestrial nature is mostly recent and inherently destructive. Here, we use the most up-to-date, spatially explicit global reconstruction of historical human populations and land use to show that this paradigm is likely wrong. Even 12,000 y ago, nearly three quarters of Earth's land was inhabited and therefore shaped by human societies, including more than 95% of temperate and 90% of tropical woodlands. Lands now characterized as "natural," "intact," and "wild" generally exhibit long histories of use, as do protected areas and Indigenous lands, and current global patterns of vertebrate species richness and key biodiversity areas are more strongly associated with past patterns of land use than with present ones in regional landscapes now characterized as natural. The current biodiversity crisis can seldom be explained by the loss of uninhabited wildlands, resulting instead from the appropriation, colonization, and intensifying use of the biodiverse cultural landscapes long shaped and sustained by prior societies. Recognizing this deep cultural connection with biodiversity will therefore be essential to resolve the crisis.
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Ellis, E. C., Gauthier, N., Goldewijk, K. K., Bird, R. B., Boivin, N. L., Díaz, S. M., Fuller, D. Q., Gill, J. L., Kaplan, J. O., Kingston, N., Locke, H., McMichael, C. N. H., Ranco, D., Rick, T. C., Shaw, M. R., Stephens, L., Svenning, J., & Watson, J. E. M. (2021). People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(17). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023483118
Ellis, Erle C., et al. "People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118, no. 17, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023483118.
Ellis, Erle C., Nicolas Gauthier, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Rebecca Bliege Bird, Nicole L. Boivin, Sandra M. Díaz, Dorian Q. Fuller, et al. "People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 17 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023483118.
Ellis E. C., Gauthier N., Goldewijk K. K. [и др.] People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. — 2021. — Vol. 118, № 17. — URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023483118
@article{ellis2021people,
title = {{People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years}},
author = {Erle C. Ellis and Nicolas Gauthier and Kees Klein Goldewijk and Rebecca Bliege Bird and Nicole L. Boivin and Sandra M. Díaz and Dorian Q. Fuller and Jacquelyn L. Gill and Jed Oliver Kaplan and Naomi Kingston and Harvey Locke and Crystal N. H. McMichael and Darren Ranco and Torben C. Rick and M. Rebecca Shaw and Lucas Stephens and Jens‐Christian Svenning and James E. M. Watson},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
year = {2021},
volume = {118},
number = {17},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2023483118},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023483118}
}TY - JOUR AU - Ellis, Erle C. AU - Gauthier, Nicolas AU - Goldewijk, Kees Klein AU - Bird, Rebecca Bliege AU - Boivin, Nicole L. AU - Díaz, Sandra M. AU - Fuller, Dorian Q. AU - Gill, Jacquelyn L. AU - Kaplan, Jed Oliver AU - Kingston, Naomi AU - Locke, Harvey AU - McMichael, Crystal N. H. AU - Ranco, Darren AU - Rick, Torben C. AU - Shaw, M. Rebecca AU - Stephens, Lucas AU - Svenning, Jens‐Christian AU - Watson, James E. M. TI - People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years JO - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences VL - 118 IS - 17 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/04/19 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2023483118 UR - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023483118 ER -
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