- Published
- 2021-01-11
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118, no. 2
- Cited by
- 1,950
- Open access
- Yes, hybrid
- DOI
- 10.1073/pnas.2023989118
- PubMed
- 33431573
Abstract
Nature is under siege. In the last 10,000 y the human population has grown from 1 million to 7.8 billion. Much of Earth’s arable lands are already in agriculture (1), millions of acres of tropical forest are cleared each year (2, 3), atmospheric CO2 levels are at their highest concentrations in more than 3 million y (4), and climates are erratically and steadily changing from pole to pole, triggering unprecedented droughts, fires, and floods across continents. Indeed, most biologists agree that the world has entered its sixth mass extinction event, the first since the end of the Cretaceous Period 66 million y ago, when more than 80% of all species, including the nonavian dinosaurs, perished. Ongoing losses have been clearly demonstrated for better-studied groups of organisms. Terrestrial vertebrate population sizes and ranges have contracted by one-third, and many mammals have experienced range declines of at least 80% over the last century (5). A 2019 assessment suggests that half of all amphibians are imperiled (2.5% of which have recently gone extinct) (6). Bird numbers across North America have fallen by 2.9 billion since 1970 (7). Prospects for the world’s coral reefs, beyond the middle of this century, could scarcely be more dire (8). A 2020 United Nations report estimated that more than a million species are in danger of extinction over the next few decades (9), but also see the more bridled assessments in refs. 10 and 11. Although a flurry of reports has drawn attention to declines in insect abundance, biomass, species richness, and range sizes (e.g., refs. 12⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–18; for reviews see refs. 19 and 20), whether the rates of declines for insects are on par with or exceed those for other groups remains unknown. There are still too … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: david.wagner{at}uconn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Cite this paper
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- APA 7
Wagner, D. L., Grames, E. M., Forister, M. L., Berenbaum, M. R., & Stopak, D. (2021). Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023989118
- MLA 9
Wagner, David L., et al. "Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118, no. 2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023989118.
- Chicago
Wagner, David L., Eliza M. Grames, Matthew L. Forister, May R. Berenbaum, and David Stopak. "Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023989118.
- GOST
Wagner D. L., Grames E. M., Forister M. L. [и др.] Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. — 2021. — Vol. 118, № 2. — URL: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023989118
- BibTeX
@article{wagner2021insect, title = {{Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts}}, author = {David L. Wagner and Eliza M. Grames and Matthew L. Forister and May R. Berenbaum and David Stopak}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, year = {2021}, volume = {118}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2023989118}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023989118} }- RIS
TY - JOUR AU - Wagner, David L. AU - Grames, Eliza M. AU - Forister, Matthew L. AU - Berenbaum, May R. AU - Stopak, David TI - Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts JO - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences VL - 118 IS - 2 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/01/11 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2023989118 UR - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023989118 ER -
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