IceCube-Gen2: the window to the extreme Universe

Published: 2021-04-29
Venue: Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 060501
Cited by: 551
Open access: Yes, bronze
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6471/abbd48

Abstract

The observation of electromagnetic radiation from radio to γ-ray wavelengths has provided a wealth of information about the Universe. However, at PeV (10 15 eV) energies and above, most of the Universe is impenetrable to photons. New messengers, namely cosmic neutrinos, are needed to explore the most extreme environments of the Universe where black holes, neutron stars, and stellar explosions transform gravitational energy into non-thermal cosmic rays. These energetic particles have millions of times higher energies than those produced in the most powerful particle accelerators on Earth. As neutrinos can escape from regions otherwise opaque to radiation, they allow an unique view deep into exploding stars and the vicinity of the event horizons of black holes. The discovery of cosmic neutrinos with IceCube has opened this new window on the Universe. IceCube has been successful in finding first evidence for cosmic particle acceleration in the jet of an active galactic nucleus. Yet, ultimately, its sensitivity is too limited to detect even the brightest neutrino sources with high significance, or to detect populations of less luminous sources. In this white paper, we present an overview of a next-generation instrument, IceCube-Gen2, which will sharpen our understanding of the processes and environments that govern the Universe at the highest energies. IceCube-Gen2 is designed to: (a) Resolve the high-energy neutrino sky from TeV to EeV energies (b) Investigate cosmic particle acceleration through multi-messenger observations (c) Reveal the sources and propagation of the highest energy particles in the Universe (d) Probe fundamental physics with high-energy neutrinos IceCube-Gen2 will enhance the existing IceCube detector at the South Pole. It will increase the annual rate of observed cosmic neutrinos by a factor of ten compared to IceCube, and will be able to detect sources five times fainter than its predecessor. Furthermore, through the addition of a radio array, IceCube-Gen2 will extend the energy range by several orders of magnitude compared to IceCube. Construction will take 8 years and cost about $350M. The goal is to have IceCube-Gen2 fully operational by 2033. IceCube-Gen2 will play an essential role in shaping the new era of multi-messenger astronomy, fundamentally advancing our knowledge of the high-energy Universe. This challenging mission can be fully addressed only through the combination of the information from the neutrino, electromagnetic, and gravitational wave emission of high-energy sources, in concert with the new survey instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum and gravitational wave detectors which will be available in the coming years.

Abstract

@article{aartsen2021icecubegen, title = {{IceCube-Gen2: the window to the extreme Universe}}, author = {M G Aartsen and R Abbasi and M. Ackermann and Jenni Adams and J A Aguilar and M Ahlers and M Ahrens and Cyril Martin Alispach and P Allison and N M Amin and K Andeen and T Anderson and I Ansseau and G Anton and C Argüelles and T C Arlen and J Auffenberg and Spencer Axani and H Bagherpour and X. Bai and X. Bai and Anastasia Maria Barbano and I Bartos and B Bastian and V Basu and V Baum and S Baur and R Bay and J. J. Beatty and K-H Becker and Julia Becker Tjus and S BenZvi and D Berley and E Bernardini and D Z Besson and G Binder and D Bindig and E Blaufuss and Summer Blot and C. Böhm and M Bohmer and S. Böser and O Botner and J Böttcher and E Bourbeau and J Bourbeau and F Bradascio and J Braun and S Bron and Jannes Brostean-Kaiser and A Burgman and R T Burley and J Buscher and R S Busse and M Bustamante and M A Campana and E G Carnie-Bronca and T. Carver and C Chen and Pisin Chen and E Cheung and D Chirkin and S Choi and B A Clark and K Clark and L Classen and A Coleman and Gabriel Collin and Amy L. Connolly and Janet M. Conrad and Paul Coppin and P Correa and D F Cowen and R Cross and P Dave and Cosmin Deaconu and C De Clercq and J J DeLaunay and S De Kockere and H Dembinski and K Deoskar and S De Ridder and A Desai and P Desiati and K D de Vries and G. de Wasseige and M de With and T DeYoung and S Dharani and A Diaz and J C Díaz-Vélez and H Dujmovic and M Dunkman and M A DuVernois and E Dvorak and T Ehrhardt and P. Eller and R. Engel and Justin J. Evans and P A Evenson and S Fahey and K Farrag and Ali R. Fazely and J Felde and A T Fienberg and K Filimonov and C Finley and L Fischer and D. B. Fox and A. Franckowiak and E Friedman and A Fritz and T K Gaisser and J Gallagher and E Ganster and D Garcia-Fernandez and S Garrappa and A Gartner and L Gerhard and R. Gernhäuser and A Ghadimi and Christian Gläser and T Glauch and T Glüsenkamp and A Goldschmidt and J G Gonzalez and S Goswami and D Grant and T. Grégoire and Z Griffith and S Griswold and M Gündüz and Christian Haack and A Hallgren and R Halliday and L Halve and F Halzen and J C Hanson and K Hanson and John Hardin and J Haugen and A Haungs and S Hauser and D Hebecker and D Heinen and P Heix and K Helbing and R Hellauer and Felix Henningsen and S Hickford and J Hignight and Colton Hill and G C Hill and K D Hoffman and B Hoffmann and R Hoffmann and T Hoinka and B Hokanson-Fasig and K Holzapfel and K Hoshina and Feifei Huang and M Huber and T Huber and T. Huege and K Hughes and K Hultqvist and Mirco Hünnefeld and R Hussain and S In and N Iovine and A Ishihara and M Jansson and G S Japaridze and M Jeong and B J P Jones and F Jonske and R Joppe and O Kalekin and D Kang and W Kang and X Kang and A. Kappes and A. Kappes and T Karg and M Karl and A Karle and T. Katori and U Katz and Matt Kauer and A Keivani and M Kellermann and J L Kelley and A Kheirandish and J Kim and K Kin and T Kintscher and Joanna Kiryluk and T Kittler and M Kleifges and S R Klein and R Koirala and Hermann Kolanoski and L. Köpke and C Kopper and S Kopper and D. J. Koskinen and Paras Koundal and M Kovacevich and M Kowalski and C. B. Krauss and K Krings and G Krückl and N Kulacz and N. Kurahashi and C Lagunas Gualda and R. Lahmann and J L Lanfranchi and M J Larson and Uzair Abdul Latif and F Lauber and Jeffrey Lazar and Kayla Leonard DeHolton and A Leszczyńska and Y Li and Q R Liu and E Lohfink and John M. LoSecco and C J Lozano Mariscal and L Lu and F Lucarelli and A Ludwig and J Lünemann and W Luszczak and Y Lyu and W Y Ma and J Madsen and G. Maggi and K B M Mahn and Y Makino and P Mallik and Sarah Mancina and S Mandalia and Ioana Codrina Mariş and Szabolcs Marka C and Z Marka and R Maruyama and K Mase and R Maunu and F McNally and Kevin J. Meagher and A Medina and M Meier and S Meighen-Berger and J Merz and Z S Meyers and Jessie Micallef and D Mockler and G Momenté and Teresa Montaruli A and R. W. Moore and R. W. Moore and Marjon Moulai and P Muth and Richard Naab and Richard Naab and J Nam and U Nauman and J Necker and G Neer and A. Nelles and L V Nguyễn and H Niederhausen and M U Nisa and S C Nowicki and D R Nygren and Eric Oberla and Anna Obertacke Pollmann and M Oehler and A. Olivas and E O’Sullivan and Y Pan and Hershal Pandya and D V Pankova and L Papp and N Park and G K Parker and Ek Narayan Paudel and P Peiffer and C Pérez de los Heros and T C Petersen and S Philippen and D Pieloth and S Pieper and J L Pinfold and A. Pizzuto and I Plaisier and Matthias Plum and Y Popovych and Alessio Porcelli and M Prado Rodriguez and P B Price and G T Przybylski and C Raab and A Raissi and M. Rameez and L Rauch and Katherine Rawlins and Immacolata Carmen Rea and A Rehman and R. Reimann and M Renschler and G Renzi and E Resconi and S Reusch and Wolfgang Rhode and M Richman and B Riedel and M Riegel and E J Roberts and S Robertson and G Roellinghoff and Martin Rongen and C. Rott and T Ruhe and D Ryckbosch and D Rysewyk Cantu and Ibrahim Safa and S E Sanchez Herrera and Alexander Sandrock and J Sandroos and P Sandstrom and Marcos Santander and S Sarkar and S Sarkar and K Satalecka and M Scharf and M Schaufel and H Schieler and P Schlunder and T Schmidt and Austin Schneider and J Schneider and Frank Schröder and Lisa Johanna Schumacher and S. Sclafani and D Seckel and S Seunarine and M H Shaevitz and A Sharma and S Shefali and M Silva and D Smith and B Smithers and Robert Snihur and J Soedingrekso and D Soldin and S. Söldner‐Rembold and M Song and D Southall and G. M. Spiczak and C Spiering and Juliana Stachurska and M Stamatikos and T Stanev and R Stein and J Stettner and A Steuer and T Stezelberger and R G Stokstad and N L Strotjohann and T Stürwald and Thomas Stuttard and G W Sullivan and I. Taboada and A Taketa and H K M Tanaka and F Tenholt and S Ter-Antonyan and A Terliuk and S Tilav and Kirsten Anne Tollefson and L Tomankova and C Tönnis and J Torres and S Toscano and Delia Tosi and Alexander Trettin and M Tselengidou and C F Tung and A Turcati and R Turcotte and C F Turley and J P Twagirayezu and B Ty and E Unger and Martin Unland Elorrieta and Justin A. Vandenbroucke and Daan van Eijk and Nick van Eijndhoven and D Vannerom and J. V. Santen and Darko Veberič and S Verpoest and Abigail G. Vieregg and M Vraeghe and C Walck and T B Watson and Ch. Weaver and Andreas Weindl and L Weinstock and M J Weiss and J Weldert and C Welling and Christopher H. Wendt and J Werthebach and N Whitehorn and K Wiebe and C H Wiebusch and D R Williams and Stephanie A. Wissel and M Wolf and T R Wood and K Woschnagg and G Wrede and S Wren and J Wulff and X W Xu and Y Xu and J P Yanez and S. Yoshida and T Yuan and Z Zhang and S Zierke and Marit Zöcklein}, journal = {Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics}, year = {2021}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {060501}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6471/abbd48}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/abbd48} }

TY - JOUR AU - Aartsen, M G AU - Abbasi, R AU - Ackermann, M. AU - Adams, Jenni AU - Aguilar, J A AU - Ahlers, M AU - Ahrens, M AU - Alispach, Cyril Martin AU - Allison, P AU - Amin, N M AU - Andeen, K AU - Anderson, T AU - Ansseau, I AU - Anton, G AU - Argüelles, C AU - Arlen, T C AU - Auffenberg, J AU - Axani, Spencer AU - Bagherpour, H AU - Bai, X. AU - Bai, X. AU - Barbano, Anastasia Maria AU - Bartos, I AU - Bastian, B AU - Basu, V AU - Baum, V AU - Baur, S AU - Bay, R AU - Beatty, J. J. AU - Becker, K-H AU - Tjus, Julia Becker AU - BenZvi, S AU - Berley, D AU - Bernardini, E AU - Besson, D Z AU - Binder, G AU - Bindig, D AU - Blaufuss, E AU - Blot, Summer AU - Böhm, C. AU - Bohmer, M AU - Böser, S. AU - Botner, O AU - Böttcher, J AU - Bourbeau, E AU - Bourbeau, J AU - Bradascio, F AU - Braun, J AU - Bron, S AU - Brostean-Kaiser, Jannes AU - Burgman, A AU - Burley, R T AU - Buscher, J AU - Busse, R S AU - Bustamante, M AU - Campana, M A AU - Carnie-Bronca, E G AU - Carver, T. AU - Chen, C AU - Chen, Pisin AU - Cheung, E AU - Chirkin, D AU - Choi, S AU - Clark, B A AU - Clark, K AU - Classen, L AU - Coleman, A AU - Collin, Gabriel AU - Connolly, Amy L. AU - Conrad, Janet M. AU - Coppin, Paul AU - Correa, P AU - Cowen, D F AU - Cross, R AU - Dave, P AU - Deaconu, Cosmin AU - Clercq, C De AU - DeLaunay, J J AU - Kockere, S De AU - Dembinski, H AU - Deoskar, K AU - Ridder, S De AU - Desai, A AU - Desiati, P AU - Vries, K D de AU - Wasseige, G. de AU - With, M de AU - DeYoung, T AU - Dharani, S AU - Diaz, A AU - Díaz-Vélez, J C AU - Dujmovic, H AU - Dunkman, M AU - DuVernois, M A AU - Dvorak, E AU - Ehrhardt, T AU - Eller, P. AU - Engel, R. AU - Evans, Justin J. AU - Evenson, P A AU - Fahey, S AU - Farrag, K AU - Fazely, Ali R. AU - Felde, J AU - Fienberg, A T AU - Filimonov, K AU - Finley, C AU - Fischer, L AU - Fox, D. B. AU - Franckowiak, A. AU - Friedman, E AU - Fritz, A AU - Gaisser, T K AU - Gallagher, J AU - Ganster, E AU - Garcia-Fernandez, D AU - Garrappa, S AU - Gartner, A AU - Gerhard, L AU - Gernhäuser, R. AU - Ghadimi, A AU - Gläser, Christian AU - Glauch, T AU - Glüsenkamp, T AU - Goldschmidt, A AU - Gonzalez, J G AU - Goswami, S AU - Grant, D AU - Grégoire, T. AU - Griffith, Z AU - Griswold, S AU - Gündüz, M AU - Haack, Christian AU - Hallgren, A AU - Halliday, R AU - Halve, L AU - Halzen, F AU - Hanson, J C AU - Hanson, K AU - Hardin, John AU - Haugen, J AU - Haungs, A AU - Hauser, S AU - Hebecker, D AU - Heinen, D AU - Heix, P AU - Helbing, K AU - Hellauer, R AU - Henningsen, Felix AU - Hickford, S AU - Hignight, J AU - Hill, Colton AU - Hill, G C AU - Hoffman, K D AU - Hoffmann, B AU - Hoffmann, R AU - Hoinka, T AU - Hokanson-Fasig, B AU - Holzapfel, K AU - Hoshina, K AU - Huang, Feifei AU - Huber, M AU - Huber, T AU - Huege, T. AU - Hughes, K AU - Hultqvist, K AU - Hünnefeld, Mirco AU - Hussain, R AU - In, S AU - Iovine, N AU - Ishihara, A AU - Jansson, M AU - Japaridze, G S AU - Jeong, M AU - Jones, B J P AU - Jonske, F AU - Joppe, R AU - Kalekin, O AU - Kang, D AU - Kang, W AU - Kang, X AU - Kappes, A. AU - Kappes, A. AU - Karg, T AU - Karl, M AU - Karle, A AU - Katori, T. AU - Katz, U AU - Kauer, Matt AU - Keivani, A AU - Kellermann, M AU - Kelley, J L AU - Kheirandish, A AU - Kim, J AU - Kin, K AU - Kintscher, T AU - Kiryluk, Joanna AU - Kittler, T AU - Kleifges, M AU - Klein, S R AU - Koirala, R AU - Kolanoski, Hermann AU - Köpke, L. AU - Kopper, C AU - Kopper, S AU - Koskinen, D. J. AU - Koundal, Paras AU - Kovacevich, M AU - Kowalski, M AU - Krauss, C. B. AU - Krings, K AU - Krückl, G AU - Kulacz, N AU - Kurahashi, N. AU - Gualda, C Lagunas AU - Lahmann, R. AU - Lanfranchi, J L AU - Larson, M J AU - Latif, Uzair Abdul AU - Lauber, F AU - Lazar, Jeffrey AU - DeHolton, Kayla Leonard AU - Leszczyńska, A AU - Li, Y AU - Liu, Q R AU - Lohfink, E AU - LoSecco, John M. AU - Mariscal, C J Lozano AU - Lu, L AU - Lucarelli, F AU - Ludwig, A AU - Lünemann, J AU - Luszczak, W AU - Lyu, Y AU - Ma, W Y AU - Madsen, J AU - Maggi, G. AU - Mahn, K B M AU - Makino, Y AU - Mallik, P AU - Mancina, Sarah AU - Mandalia, S AU - Mariş, Ioana Codrina AU - C, Szabolcs Marka AU - Marka, Z AU - Maruyama, R AU - Mase, K AU - Maunu, R AU - McNally, F AU - Meagher, Kevin J. AU - Medina, A AU - Meier, M AU - Meighen-Berger, S AU - Merz, J AU - Meyers, Z S AU - Micallef, Jessie AU - Mockler, D AU - Momenté, G AU - A, Teresa Montaruli AU - Moore, R. W. AU - Moore, R. W. AU - Moulai, Marjon AU - Muth, P AU - Naab, Richard AU - Naab, Richard AU - Nam, J AU - Nauman, U AU - Necker, J AU - Neer, G AU - Nelles, A. AU - Nguyễn, L V AU - Niederhausen, H AU - Nisa, M U AU - Nowicki, S C AU - Nygren, D R AU - Oberla, Eric AU - Pollmann, Anna Obertacke AU - Oehler, M AU - Olivas, A. AU - O’Sullivan, E AU - Pan, Y AU - Pandya, Hershal AU - Pankova, D V AU - Papp, L AU - Park, N AU - Parker, G K AU - Paudel, Ek Narayan AU - Peiffer, P AU - Heros, C Pérez de los AU - Petersen, T C AU - Philippen, S AU - Pieloth, D AU - Pieper, S AU - Pinfold, J L AU - Pizzuto, A. AU - Plaisier, I AU - Plum, Matthias AU - Popovych, Y AU - Porcelli, Alessio AU - Rodriguez, M Prado AU - Price, P B AU - Przybylski, G T AU - Raab, C AU - Raissi, A AU - Rameez, M. AU - Rauch, L AU - Rawlins, Katherine AU - Rea, Immacolata Carmen AU - Rehman, A AU - Reimann, R. AU - Renschler, M AU - Renzi, G AU - Resconi, E AU - Reusch, S AU - Rhode, Wolfgang AU - Richman, M AU - Riedel, B AU - Riegel, M AU - Roberts, E J AU - Robertson, S AU - Roellinghoff, G AU - Rongen, Martin AU - Rott, C. AU - Ruhe, T AU - Ryckbosch, D AU - Cantu, D Rysewyk AU - Safa, Ibrahim AU - Herrera, S E Sanchez AU - Sandrock, Alexander AU - Sandroos, J AU - Sandstrom, P AU - Santander, Marcos AU - Sarkar, S AU - Sarkar, S AU - Satalecka, K AU - Scharf, M AU - Schaufel, M AU - Schieler, H AU - Schlunder, P AU - Schmidt, T AU - Schneider, Austin AU - Schneider, J AU - Schröder, Frank AU - Schumacher, Lisa Johanna AU - Sclafani, S. AU - Seckel, D AU - Seunarine, S AU - Shaevitz, M H AU - Sharma, A AU - Shefali, S AU - Silva, M AU - Smith, D AU - Smithers, B AU - Snihur, Robert AU - Soedingrekso, J AU - Soldin, D AU - Söldner‐Rembold, S. AU - Song, M AU - Southall, D AU - Spiczak, G. M. AU - Spiering, C AU - Stachurska, Juliana AU - Stamatikos, M AU - Stanev, T AU - Stein, R AU - Stettner, J AU - Steuer, A AU - Stezelberger, T AU - Stokstad, R G AU - Strotjohann, N L AU - Stürwald, T AU - Stuttard, Thomas AU - Sullivan, G W AU - Taboada, I. AU - Taketa, A AU - Tanaka, H K M AU - Tenholt, F AU - Ter-Antonyan, S AU - Terliuk, A AU - Tilav, S AU - Tollefson, Kirsten Anne AU - Tomankova, L AU - Tönnis, C AU - Torres, J AU - Toscano, S AU - Tosi, Delia AU - Trettin, Alexander AU - Tselengidou, M AU - Tung, C F AU - Turcati, A AU - Turcotte, R AU - Turley, C F AU - Twagirayezu, J P AU - Ty, B AU - Unger, E AU - Elorrieta, Martin Unland AU - Vandenbroucke, Justin A. AU - Eijk, Daan van AU - Eijndhoven, Nick van AU - Vannerom, D AU - Santen, J. V. AU - Veberič, Darko AU - Verpoest, S AU - Vieregg, Abigail G. AU - Vraeghe, M AU - Walck, C AU - Watson, T B AU - Weaver, Ch. AU - Weindl, Andreas AU - Weinstock, L AU - Weiss, M J AU - Weldert, J AU - Welling, C AU - Wendt, Christopher H. AU - Werthebach, J AU - Whitehorn, N AU - Wiebe, K AU - Wiebusch, C H AU - Williams, D R AU - Wissel, Stephanie A. AU - Wolf, M AU - Wood, T R AU - Woschnagg, K AU - Wrede, G AU - Wren, S AU - Wulff, J AU - Xu, X W AU - Xu, Y AU - Yanez, J P AU - Yoshida, S. AU - Yuan, T AU - Zhang, Z AU - Zierke, S AU - Zöcklein, Marit TI - IceCube-Gen2: the window to the extreme Universe JO - Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 060501 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/04/29 DO - 10.1088/1361-6471/abbd48 UR - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/abbd48 ER -

IceCube-Gen2: the window to the extreme Universe

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