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Qiming Shao, Peng Li, Luqiao Liu, Hyunsoo Yang, Shunsuke Fukami, Armin Razavi, Hao Wu, Kang Wang, Frank Freimuth, Yuriy Mokrousov and 9 more
Spin-orbit torque (SOT) is an emerging technology that enables the efficient manipulation of spintronic devices. The initial processes of interest in SOTs involved electric fields, spin-orbit coupling, conduction electron spins and magnetization. More recently interest has grown to include a variety of other processes that include phonons, magnons, or heat. Over the past decade, many materials have been explored to achieve a larger SOT efficiency. Recently, holistic design to maximize the performance of SOT devices has extended material research from a nonmagnetic layer to a magnetic layer. The rapid development of SOT has spurred a variety of SOT-based applications. In this Roadmap paper, we first review the theories of SOTs by introducing the various mechanisms thought to generate or control SOTs, such as the spin Hall effect, the Rashba-Edelstein effect, the orbital Hall effect, thermal gradients, magnons, and strain effects. Then, we discuss the materials that enable these effects, including metals, metallic alloys, topological insulators, two-dimensional materials, and complex oxides. We also discuss the important roles in SOT devices of different types of magnetic layers, such as magnetic insulators, antiferromagnets, and ferrimagnets. Afterward, we discuss device applications utilizing SOTs. We discuss and compare three-terminal and two-terminal SOT-magnetoresistive random-access memories (MRAMs); we mention various schemes to eliminate the need for an external field. We provide technological application considerations for SOT-MRAM and give perspectives on SOT-based neuromorphic devices and circuits. In addition to SOT-MRAM, we present SOT-based spintronic terahertz generators, nano-oscillators, and domain wall and skyrmion racetrack memories. This paper aims to achieve a comprehensive review of SOT theory, materials, and applications, guiding future SOT development in both the academic and industrial sectors.
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Shao, Q., Li, P., Liu, L., Yang, H., Fukami, S., Razavi, A., Wu, H., Wang, K., Freimuth, F., Mokrousov, Y., Stiles, M. D., Emori, S., Hoffmann, A., Åkerman, J. J., Roy, K., Wang, J.-P., Yang, S.-H., Garello, K., & Zhang, W. (2021). Roadmap of Spin–Orbit Torques. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 57(7), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2021.3078583
Shao, Qiming, et al. "Roadmap of Spin–Orbit Torques." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 57, no. 7, 2021, pp. 1–39, https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2021.3078583.
Shao, Qiming, Peng Li, Luqiao Liu, Hyunsoo Yang, Shunsuke Fukami, Armin Razavi, Hao Wu, et al. "Roadmap of Spin–Orbit Torques." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 57, no. 7 (2021): 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2021.3078583.
Shao Q., Li P., Liu L. [и др.] Roadmap of Spin–Orbit Torques // IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. — 2021. — Vol. 57, № 7. — P. 1–39. — URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2021.3078583
@article{shao2021roadmap,
title = {{Roadmap of Spin–Orbit Torques}},
author = {Qiming Shao and Peng Li and Luqiao Liu and Hyunsoo Yang and Shunsuke Fukami and Armin Razavi and Hao Wu and Kang Wang and Frank Freimuth and Yuriy Mokrousov and Mark D. Stiles and Satoru Emori and Axel Hoffmann and Johan J. Åkerman and Kaushik Roy and Jian-Ping Wang and See-Hun Yang and Kévin Garello and Wei Zhang},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
year = {2021},
volume = {57},
number = {7},
pages = {1--39},
doi = {10.1109/tmag.2021.3078583},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2021.3078583}
}TY - JOUR AU - Shao, Qiming AU - Li, Peng AU - Liu, Luqiao AU - Yang, Hyunsoo AU - Fukami, Shunsuke AU - Razavi, Armin AU - Wu, Hao AU - Wang, Kang AU - Freimuth, Frank AU - Mokrousov, Yuriy AU - Stiles, Mark D. AU - Emori, Satoru AU - Hoffmann, Axel AU - Åkerman, Johan J. AU - Roy, Kaushik AU - Wang, Jian-Ping AU - Yang, See-Hun AU - Garello, Kévin AU - Zhang, Wei TI - Roadmap of Spin–Orbit Torques JO - IEEE Transactions on Magnetics VL - 57 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 39 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/05/10 DO - 10.1109/tmag.2021.3078583 UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2021.3078583 ER -
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