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Mahdi Balali‐Mood, Kobra Naseri, Zoya Tahergorabi, Mohammad Reza Khazdair, Mahmood Sadeghi
The industrial activities of the last century have caused massive increases in human exposure to heavy metals. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the most common heavy metals that induced human poisonings. Here, we reviewed the mechanistic action of these heavy metals according to the available animal and human studies. Acute or chronic poisonings may occur following exposure through water, air, and food. Bioaccumulation of these heavy metals leads to a diversity of toxic effects on a variety of body tissues and organs. Heavy metals disrupt cellular events including growth, proliferation, differentiation, damage-repairing processes, and apoptosis. Comparison of the mechanisms of action reveals similar pathways for these metals to induce toxicity including ROS generation, weakening of the antioxidant defense, enzyme inactivation, and oxidative stress. On the other hand, some of them have selective binding to specific macromolecules. The interaction of lead with aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and ferrochelatase is within this context. Reactions of other heavy metals with certain proteins were discussed as well. Some toxic metals including chromium, cadmium, and arsenic cause genomic instability. Defects in DNA repair following the induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage by the three metals have been considered as the cause of their carcinogenicity. Even with the current knowledge of hazards of heavy metals, the incidence of poisoning remains considerable and requires preventive and effective treatment. The application of chelation therapy for the management of metal poisoning could be another aspect of heavy metals to be reviewed in the future.
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Balali‐Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M. R., & Sadeghi, M. (2021). Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 643972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972
Balali‐Mood, Mahdi, et al. "Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic." Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12, 2021, pp. 643972, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972.
Balali‐Mood, Mahdi, Kobra Naseri, Zoya Tahergorabi, Mohammad Reza Khazdair, and Mahmood Sadeghi. "Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (2021): 643972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972.
Balali‐Mood M., Naseri K., Tahergorabi Z. [и др.] Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic // Frontiers in Pharmacology. — 2021. — Vol. 12. — P. 643972. — URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972
@article{balalimood2021toxic,
title = {{Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic}},
author = {Mahdi Balali‐Mood and Kobra Naseri and Zoya Tahergorabi and Mohammad Reza Khazdair and Mahmood Sadeghi},
journal = {Frontiers in Pharmacology},
year = {2021},
volume = {12},
pages = {643972},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.643972},
url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972}
}TY - JOUR AU - Balali‐Mood, Mahdi AU - Naseri, Kobra AU - Tahergorabi, Zoya AU - Khazdair, Mohammad Reza AU - Sadeghi, Mahmood TI - Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic JO - Frontiers in Pharmacology VL - 12 SP - 643972 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/04/13 DO - 10.3389/fphar.2021.643972 UR - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972 ER -
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