- Published
- 2021-01-15
- Venue
- Pharmaceutics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 108
- Cited by
- 196
- Open access
- Yes, gold
- DOI
- 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108
- PubMed
- 33467779
Abstract
Treatment options for retinal diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vascular disorders, have markedly expanded following the development of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injection methods. However, because intravitreal treatment requires monthly or bimonthly repeat injections to achieve optimal efficacy, recent investigations have focused on extended drug delivery systems to lengthen the treatment intervals in the long term. Dose escalation and increasing molecular weight of drugs, intravitreal implants and nanoparticles, hydrogels, combined systems, and port delivery systems are presently under preclinical and clinical investigations. In addition, less invasive techniques rather than intravitreal administration routes, such as topical, subconjunctival, suprachoroidal, subretinal, and trans-scleral, have been evaluated to reduce the treatment burden. Despite the latest advancements in the field of ophthalmic pharmacology, enhancing drug efficacy with high ocular bioavailability while avoiding systemic and local adverse effects is quite challenging. Consequently, despite the performance of numerous in vitro studies, only a few techniques have translated to clinical trials. This review discusses the recent developments in ocular drug delivery to the retina, the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal drugs, efforts to extend drug efficacy in the intraocular space, minimally invasive techniques for drug delivery to the retina, and future perspectives in this field.
Cite this paper
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- APA 7
Kim, H. M., & Woo, S. J. (2021). Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics, 13(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108
- MLA 9
Kim, Hyeong Min, and Se Joon Woo. "Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives." Pharmaceutics, vol. 13, no. 1, 2021, pp. 108, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108.
- Chicago
Kim, Hyeong Min, and Se Joon Woo. "Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (2021): 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108.
- GOST
Kim H. M., Woo S. J. Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives // Pharmaceutics. — 2021. — Vol. 13, № 1. — P. 108. — URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108
- BibTeX
@article{kim2021ocular, title = {{Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives}}, author = {Hyeong Min Kim and Se Joon Woo}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, year = {2021}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {108}, doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108} }- RIS
TY - JOUR AU - Kim, Hyeong Min AU - Woo, Se Joon TI - Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives JO - Pharmaceutics VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 108 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/01/15 DO - 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108 ER -
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